Dillards and Citigroup Two Companies that Need Innovation

Dillards and Citigroup: Two Companies that Need Innovation INTRODUCTION The goal of marketing is â€Å"to determine the needs of the market and to assure that the products manufactured by the company correspond precisely to these needs with a competitive advantage and at a profit† (Viardot, p. xvii). In business, proper marketing strategies can mean the difference between success and failure, both of individual marketing campaigns and the company as a whole. In this age of new media and information overload, companies have to struggle to keep up. While many large companies are using these innovations to good use, there are some corporations that are decidedly lacking in these innovations. What’s more, the extent of the appeal or effectiveness of physical media and billboards is still up for debate for retail and financial companies. Dillard’s and Citigroup are two of these companies undergoing substantial change in this new marketing world; in this paper, these corporations will be explored in terms of their environmental factors an d current media strategies. Recommendations of ways to improve their image and their promotional strategies will be offered, and the two companies will be compared and contrasted. DILLARD’S Dillard’s is a major retail department store chain located in America, carrying more than 300 stores in nearly 30 states. They specialize in upscale clothing, jewelry, perfumes, housewares and more, and carry numerous high-brand names. Dillard’s was founded in 1928 by William T. Dillard in Nashville, Arkansas, and it has remained a mainly family operation since that point. The chief target demographic of Dillard’s is consumers in the upper and middle class, and so it tailors its marketing strategies to incorporate these consumer groups, who have the disposable income and interest to invest in high-priced, upscale private label clothing and cosmetics. A vast majority of Dillard’s stores are located as department store branches of shopping malls, though a select few independent stores have opened up in the past few years. Environmental scan POLITICAL – Due to Dillard’s strict domestic market, it does not engage in international trade, which makes export taxes inconsequential. However, high import taxes of outsourced clothing and merchandise are still a factor. ECONOMIC – The slow economic growth of the past few years has made consumers more reticent to invest in luxury products, including a great deal of the fine clothes and upscale housewares that Dillard’s provides. The location of Dillard’s primarily in malls diminishes its visibility as an independent brand, making its customer base purchase clothes from them because they are there, not because of the specific appeal of that company. SOCIAL – Dillard’s’ chief marketing demographic is to upper-middle class households, particularly adult women; much of the consumer base of the United States consists of younger, affluent teenagers and college-age students, which is not the target audience for Dillard’s, and remains an untapped market for such a large, prevalent department store chain. TECHNOLOGICAL – Dillard’s currently carries a significantly advanced online store, which they are using to provide a substantial portion of their business. As online technology and social media increases as a method of purchase, department store chains such as Dillard’s have a higher level of freedom regarding how to sell their products. Automation and outsourcing of clothes creation to independent brands makes production costs lower, as they are merely a retailer of brands created by those specific companies. ENVIRONMENTAL – Environmental situations must be taken into account when creating and distributing clothing products, in order to ensure that animal and worker cruelty regulations are upheld. Department store chains like Dillard’s must take care to not break environmental laws by spending the money on brands and products that are environmentally friendly in order to maintain customer trust and respect. LEGAL – Retail and department stores carry a risk of providing defective products, which leads to more stringent quality assurance practices needing to be implemented. The execution of these practices, as well as the cost of recalls, can cut severely into profitability. Continuing to behave in an ethical manner, as Dillard’s has so far, will lessen the likelihood of breach of antitrust and employment laws, and as such the risks for litigation and legal action are minimal. SWOT analysis STRENGTHS – Strengths of Dillard’s include their competitive pricing, which is typically much lower than other upscale department stores. This makes the cost advantage to shopping at Dillard’s quite high, and is a major factor in its success as a department store chain. WEAKNESSES – The primary weakness of Dillard’s is their limited target market, which extends to little over half the states in America, with little to no international exposure. Their merchandise is not particularly diverse, extending primarily to fine clothes and housewares, as well as perfumes and sundries. OPPORTUNITIES – Dillard’s has the ability to acquire other smaller companies and brands, in order to expand their product line and scope of influence. Dillard’s has yet to delve into the international market, providing an unparalleled opportunity to provide products on a global scale, rather than merely domestically. The youth market also has an incredible amount of disposable income to benefit from if Dillard’s were to expand into trendier, more affordable clothing. THREATS – Threats include competitors from other major department store chains like JCPenney’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, et al., who also carry a significant market presence and provide the same kinds of merchandise at similar prices. The economic downturn of recent years has made people less likely to buy luxury products, which comprise much of Dillard’s product line. External changes in taxation, and business politics also have the ability to threaten any plans for expansion of product line or pricing changes. Choice of media The primary means of advertisement for Dillard’s is through local advertisement in magazines, billboards, and television commercials. They do not maintain a significant national marketing presence, instead focusing their efforts on suburbs throughout the Midwest and South, with a lighter emphasis on the West and East Coasts. Much of its online promotion is through its website, Dillards.com. Its primary locations being in malls, a lot of the target customers for Dillard’s are people who are not specifically looking for Dillard’s as a destination, but for clothing in general. Their brand has also expanded through an expansion to include a yoga-based active wear company, Tranquility, providing a slightly expanded and specialized customer base (Plunkett, 2008). Location is a large factor in Dillard’s marketing strategies – as it chooses its locations in suburban malls primarily, it attempts to find markets that are missing substantial upscale clothing and cosmetics, and moves in, beginning a large physical marketing campaign through mailers and newspapers (â€Å"History of Dillard’s, 2011). Its mall expansion remains aggressive, attempting to siphon off existing business and location as a shopping center, requiring less knowledge of where a specific Dillard’s location is. All one has to know in order to shop at a Dillard’s is where the nearest mall is, making their locations much more centralized and open to random foot traffic. It also makes it more likely for those consumers who are not strictly shopping at Dillard’s to stop there, which is the primary appeal of a shopping center in the first place. In terms of social media, Dillard’s also takes advantage of services such as Facebook and Twitter, with pages and feeds for each of them. In these, they provide unique deals and offer a sounding board for customers to field complaints or provide endorsements to their business. Providing a direct link from their website to their Facebook feed, with a button that says â€Å"Join the Conversation† allows the customer to feel like a part of the company, which is an effective method of gaining consumer trust and investment in Dillard’s products. At this time, however, Dillard’s Facebook and Twitter presence is somewhat limited, with a small number of followers of both compared to their total consumer base. Understanding the upscale audience that Dillard’s primarily invests in, there are several incentives used to market to specific demographics. Dillard’s specializes in providing a location for wedding registries, streamlining the process so that people can give wedding gifts to those who set up a registry at the company. This provides a simplified, streamlined way to get business from married couples and those who will attend their weddings, as their products will be funneled through the company and a select few other stores. There is also, like many department stores, store credit cards that can be issued in order to purchase products that cannot be afforded by consumers at the time – this can increase the number of sales the company gets in a visit. Dillard’s still produces catalogs, which it sends out to recurring customers in order to show them their product line. This is meant to show them a more comprehensive look at new products, as well as emphasi ze markdowns they provide on existing products. The online presence, as well as its physical media efforts, are also substantially well-used avenues for coupons and other discounts. Dillard’s places a huge emphasis on markdowns, providing a real or perceived discount on many products in their line. This creates the perception of private labels being taken down in price to appeal to the normal customer, a tactic that permits lower-middle class consumers to purchase from Dillard’s as well. In addition to that, it captures those in the upper-middle class market who still want to maintain that look, but feel they can do so at a more affordable price. Compared to Macy’s and JCPenney’s, Dillard’s prices are somewhat more competitive (â€Å"History of Dillard’s†, 2011), making the discount culture it participates in somewhat more legitimate. Dillard’s is taking small steps to revamp its marketing strategy to de-emphasize physical media and attempt to bring their business more and more online. In 2004, they opted to begin phasing out the extent to which it took out ads in newspapers for the markets it had stores in – it was a difficult transition, as Dillard’s had been the largest advertiser in newspapers for its relevant markets, representing a dramatic shift in priority towards digital media (Arkansas Business, 2004). While they still remain a presence in these newspapers and mailers, it is reduced by nearly $20 million in ad costs, opting for inserts in newspapers in lieu of run of press (ROP) ads, which can get lost in the shuffle. Recommendations Dillard’s continues to experience rapid expansion, adding more and more stores outside of shopping malls, making it necessary to increase its public image. A greater social media presence, and a slight marketing change towards a younger demographic, will help increase its image visibility in teenagers and college aged individuals, many of whom are not aware of Dillard’s due to its typical appeal to older consumers. Due to Dillard’s already substantial discount culture, it would be easy to translate that to a younger, more budget-conscious audience, especially through the use of more innovative marketing media. One way in which to grab their younger audience and gain more mileage out of their marketing efforts is to work harder on their social media platform. Currently, mobile phones are becoming more and more of an ongoing presence in consumer’s lives, with applications provided by many companies in order to provide continual access to their products and services. If Dillard’s were to provide a mobile app that allowed customers access to their products, new promotions, or mobile-specific coupons, that would provide an added incentive to shop at Dillard’s. What’s more, the amount of money spent on catalogs could be saved by cutting out that practice and allocating it toward more fervent social media marketing and mobile applications, both of which will not be thrown away, and can be constantly updated. Gaining a higher number of followers on Twitter and Facebook would go a long way towards providing a persistent presence in consumer’s social media lives – this can be performed by sponsoring third party applications that other people want to purchase, which can enhance visibility. Also, providing a higher number of promotions and social media-only coupon codes will offer a financial incentive to shop at Dillard’s – these can be administered through the company’s Facebook fan page and Twitter feed. Revamping the website to provide more of a persistent connection to these social media platforms would create greater interconnectivity between the entirety of the consumer experience, and invest them further in the company itself. CITIGROUP Citigroup is a large financial services company that operates worldwide, providing banking and credit card services in 140 countries. At one point, it was the largest company and bank in the world, factoring in total assets; after the economic downturn of 2008, it became the 24th biggest company in terms of assets, after receiving an economic bailout from the US government. Citigroup, as it stands now, is the product of a merger of banking company Citicorp and the financial group Travelers Group, forming Citigroup in 1998. It is a global service exporter, meaning that it provides international support for finances on a worldwide scale, gaining a substantial profit from them, as well as a large global image as a provider of financial services (Boone and Kurtz, p. 207). Environmental scan POLITICAL – The political structure of the United States is quite favorable to corporations; Citigroup was recently given a government bailout as a result of the economic downturn of 2008, which allowed the company to avoid insolvency. In terms of appealing to customers, the majority of Americans possess a mild to moderate skepticism of large corporations and its activities; in the case of Citigroup, the corporate scandals of the early 2000s prompted distrust of Citigroup, being a key banker in Enron, who then paid out a settlement for the Enron case. ECONOMIC – The current economic state of the country is relatively dire, but slowly improving; economic growth is slow, but interest rates are high, meaning that banking and investment companies such as Citigroup can gain substantial interest on loans that it provides to its customers. However, they also negatively affect the cost of capital, making expansion difficult. SOCIAL – The social environment of the United States is capitalistic and consumerist, making a spending environment somewhat favorable, despite the economic downturn. As a result, loans and banking will continue to be in high demand for many years to come. However, there is also a growing sense of social and fiscal responsibility, leading to a relative backlash against large corporations, especially banks and loan companies; this can lead to a negative public image against companies such as Citigroup. TECHNOLOGICAL – Technological advancements have made electronic banking and credit card monitoring extremely easy; this makes it more convenient than before for consumers to operate their bank accounts. Increasing use of the Internet and electronic banking is making physical locations increasingly obsolete. ENVIRONMENTAL – Companies such as banks and lending agencies often have a minimal impact on adversely affecting the environment, given their focus on strict capital and not the selling of products. Citigroup has remained a leader in sustainability for several years, using environmentally viable paper sources and consumer recycled paper in its operation (â€Å"Sustainable Paper Initiatives,† 2011). LEGAL – United States regulations on consumer and employment law place strict regulations on companies to avoid discrimination and antitrust practices in its hiring and maintenance of employees. SWOT analysis STRENGTHS – Citi has a substantial piece of the market, as one of the Big Four companies issuing credit in the world. It is the largest credit card issuer in the world, and provides a wide variety of financial products, including retail banking, investment and commercial banking, e-commerce, and consumer finance. Its global infrastructure allows it to maintain a strong foothold in many countries, and remain stable as a company. WEAKNESSES – The subprime mortgage market holds significant sway over their profitability, as they are the ones who provide the majority of these loans. As a result, any downturn in that market can lead to substantial losses for them. The debt obligations they carry to both their consumers and the US government for their economic bailout in 2008 lead them to carry significant debt that they need to pay off. OPPORTUNITIES – Due to the large number of services that Citigroup carries, they are able to cross-sell significantly in order to get through hard times in the financial market. Online and mobile banking are large incentives for consumers to work with them, due to the increasing use of the Internet and smartphones to do business and interact with the world; further opportunities in these markets are increasing. The acquisition and integration of the Automated Trading Desk has also provided them with many opportunities to expand and provide electronic trading of stocks (Stempel, 2007). THREATS – The liabilities inherent in lending credit cards and loans to individuals and companies are great, especially to the world’s largest issuer of these debts. If people default or foreclose on these loans, that money is lost. The weaker financial markets experienced in the past few years have made for slow economic growth, of which Citi is not immune. Consolidation has become rampant in the banking industry, making for larger competitors to work against for the trust of consumers. The mortage market in the United States is currently weak, making the liabilities even larger for this company, and the return on investment nearly negligible. Choice of media Citicorp offers a substantial, diverse array of media marketing outlets, including television, radio, newspapers, billboards and social media, among others. They maintain a large, diverse website (citi.com), wherein individuals can log in to their online banking, apply for loans, check on the status of their credit cards and investments, and nearly any function that could be performed at a normal physical Citi location. This allows any online advertising or marketing to lead directly to the next step in gaining a consumer’s business – linking to the website and beginning a business relationship through applications, consultation, and the like. One of Citigroup’s major strategies, like many other financial companies, is set to sponsor athletes and sports starts in order to enhance their image, offering them endorsement deals in order to expose fans of these athletes to Citigroup as a company. One innovative strategy they have been trying, however, has been to â€Å"help sponsor rookies, amateurs and others around the world in multiple sports who may never dent the record books. The goal is to show off Citi’s skill as a trusted financial adviser, particularly among clients who may – or may not – be right on the cusp of hitting it big† (Quenqua, 2008). By going against the grain and using a twist on a tried-and true marketing practice to emphasize its mission statement, Citi has created a very strong outlet for portraying its new message. Their primary markets for athletes have been golfers, having chosen four rookie golfers to represent their campaign. This is meant to provide a link to Cit i’s target audience, which is upper-middle class whites with interest in investment and banking, typically the market most engaged in the game of golf. Citigroup spent $268 million dollars in advertising in 2009, making it the 98th biggest advertiser in the world (Adbrands.net). Nonetheless, it is struggling to regain the traction that it had experienced in 2005 and 2006, and the economic downturn of 2008 exacerbated that struggle. Lisa Caputo was put in charge of global marketing and communications in 2008, seeking to globalize the company’s marketing efforts and create new advertising and branding campaigns for Citigroup (Janoff, 2008). In 2000, â€Å"Citicorp was widely regarded as a very strong marketing and planning organization, but it was viewed as weak operationally and on execution of business plans† (DePamphilis, p. 323) – this attitude remains somewhat to this day. Use of social media was implemented by Citigroup not long after the $300 million bailout took place – the company sponsored a Facebook app called â€Å"Magnetic Lyrics† in order to appeal to the younger demographic. This app would feature music and lyrics by popular artists such as Mary J. Blige and Nickelback in order to increase the exposure of the company to new, younger, tech-savvy audiences with more disposable income. This deal involves them spending a small amount of money to reach a wider audience through Facebook, while paying ad revenue to the company for each user who plays with the application (Kafka, 2008). Citi also has its own dedicated iPhone and iPad apps, from which one can access their online banking and credit card services, providing convenient control over their finances and an added incentive to remain with the bank. Other forays into social media includes their CEO, Vikram Pandit, starting a blog in order to provide a more personal connection with the executives of the company. This is known as relationship marketing; the aim is to put a face on Citigroup and humanize it further, appealing to a wider swath of people. By doing this, the consumer can form a relationship with the executive, thus linking them emotionally with the company and making them more likely to do business with them. However, the CEO and executive blog (new.citi.com) has yet to pick up significant steam compared to its shareholders and customer base, with no comments on many of their posts, thus failing in their attempt to build an audience and a follower base. Recommendations Citigroup, despite its high visibility and deep investment in the world’s finances, still needs to do a great deal of image control in order to shake its image among many as one of the Big Four banks whose lackluster risk management led to the subprime mortgage crisis that cost many people their jobs and stock options. Advertising campaigns that appeal more to the common man or small businessman can go a long way towards engendering trust in the company, offering a more down-to-earth, approachable company that will look out for those who have been especially hurt by the economic crisis of recent years. Citi can also stand to increase its presence in social media, offering a more comprehensive portal from interest to closure of sale. As it stands now, their Facebook and Twitter feeds are somewhat understaffed, and their executive blog attempts to build relationship marketing have been met with resistance and a small, mostly negative group of followers. In order to curry greater favor with customers and clients, Citigroup must work to improve its image as a company that protects the interests of all of its customers – not just the golf-playing, affluent ones. Also, greater exposure to unique deals on loans and interest rates could be advertised through social media feeds, and further incentives could be created and activated by mobile apps. While the strategy to make a more humbled, innovative twist on athlete endorsements through sponsoring rookies is inspired, the efforts must extend beyond upper-middle class sports like golf – with more high-profile endorsements in sports such as baseball and basketball, a greater section of the country can have more involved exposure to Citigroup, and consider them when making their next banking or loan decision. By taking that strategy of sponsoring up-and-comers and applying it to a greater variety of sports, the lower-middle class and minority market can also be targeted. CONCLUSION The two companies, Dillard’s and Citigroup, have a great deal of marketing strategy changes that they must make in order to increase their visibility and improve their public image; however, while Dillard’s needs to focus on expansion and alterations to their primary demographics, Citigroup needs to perform damage control on the negative perceptions of their company. Further expansion of social media outlets will help to increase exposure of both companies, and relationship marketing can also provide a needed level of consumer trust to these corporations. For both companies, they would do well to have an increased presence in their social media outlets. Their Facebook and Twitter feeds could use substantial expansion and improvement, bringing in more and more followers to create a streamlined process to lead them to buy, from online-only coupons to sponsoring applications that consumers find useful. What’s more, their demographics could be expanded to include more affordable, varied options that extend beyond the upper and middle class – extending their advertising to make them more relatable to middle America and minorities would help to increase a customer base and provide a more diverse array of customers. This can, in the end, increase sales and provide avenues for expansion. References Arkansas Business, 1996. Dillards rethinks newspaper ad strategy. Goliath: Business Knowledge On Demand. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-697145/Dillard-s-rethinks-newspaper-ad.html Citigroup, 2011. Adbrands.net. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.adbrands.net/us/citigroup_us.htm. Citigroup’s Sustainable Paper Initiatives, 2011. Citi.com. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.citi.com/citi/environment/paper_inits.htm. DePamphilis, D. M., 2008. Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic. Janoff, B., 2008. Beleaguered Citigroup Restructures Marketing, Communications | Adweek. Adweek . Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/beleaguered-citigroup-restructures-marketing-communications-104218 Kafka, P., 2008. Citi Still Spending Money on Marketing; Facebook Will Get a Few Pennies. AllThingsD. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://allthingsd.com/20081124/citi-still-spending-money-on-marketing-and-facebook-will-get-a-few-pennies/ Kurtz, D. L., 2008. Contemporary marketing (13th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Plunkett, J. W., 2008. Plunketts retail industry almanac . Houston, Tex.: Plunkett Research. QUENQUA, D., 2011. Citi’s Sports Marketing Strategy Turns Its Focus to Stars-to-Be. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/business/media/09adco.html Stempel, J., 2007. Citigroup buys Automated Trading Desk. Reuters. Retrieved August 19, 2001, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/07/02/us-citigroup-automatedtradingdesk-idUSN0233485120070702 Viardot, E., 2004. Successful marketing strategy for high-tech firms (5th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Artech House.

Chocolates Effect on Womens Sex Drive - 2227 Words

The Core Assessment topic that I chose was â€Å"Chocolate’s Effect on Women’s Sex Drive.† I thought this to be an important topic since I am a man who is married to a woman who loves chocolate and that I have always heard that chocolate tends to curb a woman’s sex drive. In an effort to find the truth, and possibly rid my household of any form of chocolate, I researched the topic and found that chocolate has an interesting history and does indeed contain many chemicals that are found to provide a settling or euphoric state in the brain. Chocolate is a derivative of cocoa or cocao (pronounced â€Å"co-cah†) and can only be grown in hot, rainy environments, mostly in areas near the equator. This doesn’t mean that you have to live near the†¦show more content†¦Chocolate is also known to generate increased levels of serotonin, a chemical naturally produced by the brain, which is known to reduce anxiety. According to researchers at the Mayo Clinic, â€Å"as a neurotransmitter, serotonin helps to relay messages from one area of the brain to another. Because of the widespread distribution of its cells, it is believed to influence a variety of psychological and other body functions. Of the approximately 40 million brain cells, most are influenced either directly or indirectly by serotonin. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior† (www.mayoclinic.com). Serotonin is most common ly associated with the effects of marijuana or getting â€Å"stoned† However, you would have to eat 25lbs of dark chocolate at once to achieve the same effect, but this would take care of the â€Å"munchies!† Neither of these properties by themselves provides the connection between eating chocolates and heightened sexual pleasure. It is in fact the rush of endorphins produced by eating chocolates, particularly dark chocolates, which is most similar to the bliss associated with a healthy sexual relationship. Chocolate can affect the brain by causing the release of certain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the molecules that transmit signals between neurons. The amounts of

Reduse Usage of Plastic Bags Free Essays

Plastic bags are not biodegradable, so they get littered onto a wasteland which causes soil erosion causing damage and harm to the trees. If plastic bags are burnt, they emit hazardous gases causing air pollution which causes damage on the ozone layer. The Plastic can be reduced by u not using lots of plastic and use things in yr homes then going to buy a plastic bottle from the shop. We will write a custom essay sample on Reduse Usage of Plastic Bags or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plastic bags are made out of non-biodegradable substance. (not organic)Because they are durable they do not rot. Scientist believe that it would take up to 1,000 years to break down. In that time plastic bags separate into smaller toxic particles that contaminates the soil and even waterways. Even if we try to burn them, it pollutes the atmosphere Each year, an estimated 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are made worldwide. That means that 1 million plastic bags are made each minute, but then billions end up as litter each year. Making plastic bags can lead to exhaustion of oil, because to make a lot of plastic bags, we need a lot of oil. If we reduce oil we could save much more oil. You can actually drive about 460 meters with the oil which is used for only one plastic bag. Plastic bags even kill a lot of marine animals. Plastic bags gets blown into the ocean and floats around like a jelly-fish. A lot of sea-creatures choke and die for mistaking them as their food. Each year, thousands of sea turtles choke on plastic bags after mistaking them for jellyfish, their favourite food. Even other sea critters like sea lions and dolphins have also been found with their stomachs filled with plastic bags! GOVERNMENT SHOULD BAN PLASTIC BAG The society’s consumption rate is now estimated over 500,000,000,000 plastic bags annually. The Malaysian Federal Government is considering banning plastic bag for environmental reason. There are some big company have take the challenge to make â€Å"say no to plastic bag† campaign such as IKEA, AEON and Factory Outlet Store (F. O. S). There are many drawbacks of the use of plastic bags. In some other countries, there are proposals to charge for the use of plastic bags. The objective of this paper is to educate shoppers to use reusable bags instead of plastic bags whenever possible. In the other hand, many people think it would be nuisance because there are so many practical uses for plastic bags. The United States Environmental Protection says paper bags are worse for the environment than plastic. Plastic bags require much less energy to manufacture and recycle because of this plastic generates less greenhouse gas. Plastic bags cause less air and water pollution. They compress to a small size in landfills. Nevertheless, this paper is to agree that government should ban plastic bags because of several factors which are environment, economy and health. Firstly, the idea of banning plastic bags and use reusable bag is good for the environment. In the other hand, many people think it would be ineffective because, according to Hilary Chiew (Chiew, 2009) in article high usage from Startwo’s newspapers, paper degrade at a slower rate compared to plastic in a landfill. In modern landfills nothing completely degrades due to the lack of water, light and oxygen. University of Arizona have done a research on paper, paper does not degrade even in 3 decades. So, paper takes up more space than plastic in landfill. While according to Abu Bakar Yang (Bakar, 2009) in article â€Å"Ancaman plastik dan botol plastik† about 100,000 of marine animals like†¦ How to cite Reduse Usage of Plastic Bags, Papers

Auditing Standards of ABC Learning Centre †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Auditing Standards of ABC Learning Centre. Answer: Introduction ASA701 defines key audit matters (KAM) as the financial reporting aspects that an auditor in his professional capacity and judgment considers crucial while conducting audits of financial statements for a particular fiscal year (Azim, 2013). In most cases, KAM are determined based on previous concerns and suggestions provided by the current company governance (Cordos, and Flpa, 2015). Recent studies have defined ISA 701 as a mandatory audit documentary for complete financial statements sets of the given entities (Champlain, 2003). Usually, ISA70 is applicable in situations whereby the law or available regulatory platform expects the auditor to communicate KAM within his or her report (Xu et al., 2011). Regulators in most American nations need this kind of communication of KAM in their auditors report. Auditors of public sector entities are also expected to communicate KAM during thepreparation of their audit reports (Azim, 2013). The importance of communicatingkey audit matters in the auditors report is enhanced by the collapse of ABC Learning Centers. Necessity of Auditing according to ISA 701 Key Audit Matters (KAM) It is necessary for any firm or organization to perform an audit of their financial statements. Provision of accountability is among the reasons that necessitate auditing. As per ISA 701 when thebusiness grows large, there is need to keep track of who is accountable for the different operations being conducted. This is necessary especially when stockholders are onboard, and accountability is highly required. At such a point, managers are expected to ensure that they are updatedin order to provide more accurate reports (Chapman, 2004). Provision of reliability is another reason as to why there is need to perform auditing. Financial institutions, the tax office, and management will always attain significant benefits through conducting anauditin their financial statements. With a self-governing financial audit, financial firms can rely on the accuracy of the data provided in an auditing report based on analyzed data. Financial auditing offer assurance among organizations. Just like any other process, no audit can promise 100% accuracy and assurance. In all auditing work, a certain level of reasonable assurance must be obtained through conducting an audit with due diligence. This saves financial firms from re-calculations or correction of their misstatements (Chapman, 2004). In such a case, firms will have peace of mind which onlya few other checks or protocols can promise. Through financial auditing, financial firms are presented with a complete report of their annual achievements. A small but very critical detail involves the fact that audit offers a report based on nature and shape of any given business. Among the most valuable factor to consider in this case is that, its often what is not reported which makes all the difference (Conklin, 2004). Having complete records is an indication that, anything happening in the firm will be updated automatically. Financial auditing offers firms with the power of feedback. When it comes to business protection, financial experts state that there is need to prevent than cure. If an individual is not aware of any potential issues, they will have no power to fix them. In any financial firm, an auditing process boosts both their credit rating and value. Both regular, as well as continuous auditing of financial statements,is termed as an attractive part of any organization. Financial auditing is highly necessary for individuals such as creditors, lenders, and investors (Conklin, 2004). In other words, financial auditing helps financial firms in stabilizing credit rating of their business. It also offers an effective assurance to would-be investors as well as keeping national and central banks on the safe side. Auditing issues Auditing issues that led to the collapse of ABC Learning Centers relate to the auditors inability to obtain appropriate audit evidence, failure to support the opinion that ABCs financial report did not have material misstatements, failure to deal with identified risks by developing auditing procedure stipulated by auditing standards and inability by Mr. Green- the appointed auditor to use his scepticism and professional judgement when auditing the financial reports of ABC. Various auditing issues characterized the unfortunate collapse of ABC Learning Center. Among the auditingissues which facilitatedthe collapse of ABC leaning Centre, is accounting principles. A large percentage of the acquisitions made by ABC Learning Center were based on licenses of other childcare institutions as well as huge amounts of goodwill (Sumsion, 2006). As a result, this firm was unable to control the high debts facing it. At the start of the 2006/7 financialyear, total goodwill amounted to a total of A$37.4 million while child care licensesamounted to A$647.6 million. As time went by, goodwill shifted to A$271 million while licenses increased to A$2.4 billion during the end of FY2007/8 (Elder, Beasley and Arens, 2010). After its collapse, all of the firms intangible assets were declared worthless (Kruger, 2017). Another auditing issue was identified in the reporting of high rates of debt on ABC financial statements. Throughout the year 2007, ABCs liabilities remained constant. High rates of debts served as a challenge towards achieving its target mission. As a result, this contributed towards the collapse of the firm. In December 2007, more than A$1.1 billion in debt was transferred from current to non-current liabilities, as a result of refinancing. ABC lacked sufficient auditing which could be used to monitor increment in total liabilities. ABCs lenders were mainly comprised of leading banks (Elder, Beasley and Arens, 2010). During 13th, June 2007, ABC was forced to finalize a syndicated bank facility with a total cost of approximately A$1.48 billion. During the first-half of FY2007/8, profit obtained had already fallen by around 42 percent. This was said to have occurred due to one-off-charges, as well as covenants for debts which amounted to around A$1.2 billion. Since it was already heading to trouble, ABC strained to renegotiate a loan agreement with established bankers. A complete failure or turnaround was encountered after rejection by the banking-syndicate. High Operating cash flow served as a key factor towards thefailure of ABC Learning Centre. ABC was unable to generate sufficient operating cash flow to cater for its interest, suppliers, salaries as well as dividends. Although the firm profits are said to have been increasing at a constant rate, over the last fewyears, it reached a point where it recorded a continuous negative profit in its financial statements (Foran, Olson and Reed, 2005). At such a point, the company ran out of cash which in turn lead to failure and closure. It was later recognizedthatsome of ABCs directors and Groves pledged most of their shares to borrow money. After a short time span, the share-price plummeted which in turn forced them to sell shares at rates of 5.6 percent of the corporation to satisfy their margin-calls. Such an attempt only worsened after flooding the share market which later pummeled the share-price further. The ABC case implies a form of forced sale of pledged-shares (Foran, Olson and Reed, 2005). Based on the above observation, fluctuation of share prices can result in a dramatic impact on the businesss stock-price. Other auditing factors which resulted in the failure of ABC include social, political as well as financial disasters. Based on social approach, the company lacked advert facilities to update the public on their services. Politically, the government showed no concern towards supporting ABC firm. At some point, the firm needed aloan to boost its services, but the national government never cared. Current research has concluded that ABC used to face consistent financial disasters due to poor auditing (Geiger, 1993). Auditing lays down some of theareas which should be given priorities for the progress of the firm. Lastly, thepoor management system of the company served as the key factor for its failure. Poor management generates apoor outcome. Managers of this firm have been classified to be incompetent and responsible for its failure. They were unwilling to perform an audit to gauge their financial achievement. Development of ISA 701 The main and critical role of AuditingStandard ASA 701 involves Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor's Report. Current researchers have concluded that the main purpose of having an auditing Standard is to ensure consistent representation of the Australian equivalent of ISA 701. The introduction and implementation of ASA 701 illustrate more on AUASBs commitment to conform with the current enhancements based on auditor reporting which was put in place by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards (Montgomery, 2013). The following are some of issues and needs which facilitated implementation of new auditing Standards ASA 701. Another issue that led to thedevelopment of ISA 701 is the need to mandate and facilitate the communication of KAM within the scope of auditors reports of audits based on the existing as well as listed entities. Moreover, the new standards aimed at enabling as well as assisting auditors of other entities when deciding on how to include KAM within their auditors reports. The factor which drove theestablishment of these new standards involved issuing guidelines on how the auditor determines KAM. KAM layout as indicated in the new standards was based on the determination of both matters communicated as well as those charged with governance (Montgomery, 2013). In other words, communicatedmattersare defined as those matters which needed significant auditor attention. The rapid increase in cases of financial firms collapsing facilitated changes and implementation of new auditing standards. In such a case, the new auditing standards covered areas of higher assessed risk among other critical auditor judgments. Additionally, the new standards catered for areas to do with significant management judgments as well as effects of significant firm events and transactions. Moreover, there was aneed to give a description based on how to determine the most important matters. Issues to do with how the auditor should describe each of individual KAM were brought in place. As a result, there was aneed to lay down new standards to cater for the implementation of each independent KAM within a given financial firm. Lastly, there was aneed to highlight more on circumstances as well as areas which were to be in place in order to determine or give an alternative approach in case KAM standards are not addressed or communicated in the auditors report. Additionally, all existing, as well as new changes, should conform and agree with the Australian regulatoryenvironment. New changes made to the firm financial auditing standards should be easily and capable of enforcement. The auditing process should possess a clear focus on public-interest and should be ofutmost quality. Carson, Fargher, and Zhang (2016) note that it is a mandatory to involve both the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and the Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) Key Audit Matters Among some of thecauses which lead to this financial crisis within ABC involvefinancial statements misrepresentation, themarket for the credit default swaps, complex company structure, unethical behavior and practices of top managers, and lowauditing standards set by Lehman-Brothers. The process of financial auditing should be based on the above factors in order to prevent firms from running into financial crisis. Within ABC we had theexistence of testimonials which advocated that the misrepresentation among the ABC Learning Centerstopmost managers. At some point, researchers have concluded that the collapse of ABC was due to dishonor as well as disagreement with the Sarbanes Oxley-Act. This auditing standard recognized requirements as well delivered application and other descriptive materials as per the auditors reporting which was put in place by the international Auditing and Assurance-Standards Board. The ABC Learning Centre should have complied with these regulations by mandating and ensuring consistent KAM communication throughout their auditors reports based on the listed entities (Foran, Olson and Reed, 2005). In such a case, ABC Managers should have enabled auditors of other entities in coming up with decisions based on if to include KAM within their auditors report or not. In such a situation, the auditor would be responsible for determining KAM for the ABC Firm by reaching a decision based on earlier matters communicated with new charges on the governance (Ricchiute, 2006). These are matters which needed more significant as well as critical auditors attention. Auditors, in this case, would have been responsible for determining and reaching a conclusion based on thesignificant matter for inclusion in the auditors report. In our case, the auditors from ABC Learning Centre documentation didnt possess similar requirements as expected by KAM principles. Recommendations Based on the above analysis of ABC Learning Centre, I would recommend new changes in auditing standards. The changes should be in a manner that firm managers easily understand them. Firms should also think of hiring independent auditors in order to prevent theoccurrence of any future financial disasters. Independent auditors will serve as a monitoring tool in facilitating firms towards achieving their set goals. In a view to avoiding confusion, new auditing changes should conform with the KAM principles. Conclusion In conclusion, firms should think of implementing financial auditing as their daily activity. Firms with high rates of auditing have shown to have a high number of investors. In other words, theprofitability of any firm goes hand in hand with rates of auditing. Firms with high numbers of investors have high chances of attaining profits as compared to firms with alesser number of auditors (Ricchiute, 2006). If auditing of financial statements had been well addressed within organizations such as ABC Learning Centre among other firms, we would not have cases of firm failure or collapse. References Arens, A.A., Best, P., Shailer, G., Fiedler, B., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M., (2007).Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. Asic.gov.au. (2017). 12-186MR Former ABC Learning Centres auditor prevented from auditing companies for five years | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2012-releases/12-186mr-former-abc-learning-centres-auditor-prevented-from-auditing-companies-for-five-years/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Azim, M.I., (2013). Independent Auditors Report: Australian Trends From 1996 to 2010.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,9(3), p.356. Carson, E., Fargher, N. and Zhang, Y., (2016). Trends in auditor reporting in Australia: A synthesis and opportunities for research.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), pp.226-242. Champlain, J., (2003). Auditing information systems. Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley. Chapman, G., (2004). CLERP (Audit Reform Corporate Disclosure) Bill 2003. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Conklin, G., (2004). Audit committee workshop. New York: Practising Law Institute. Cordos, G.S. and Flpa, M.T., (2015). Understanding audit reporting changes: introduction of Key Audit Matters.Accounting and Management Information Systems,14(1), p.128. Elder, R., Beasley, M. and Arens, A. (2010). Auditing and assurance services. Boston [Mass.]: Pearson. Foran, M., Olson, J. and Reed, S., 2005. Audit committee workshop (2005). New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Governance For Stakeholders. (2017). The ABC of a corporate collapse. [online] Available at: https://governanceforstakeholders.com/2012/12/28/the-abc-of-a-corporate-collapse/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Kruger, C. (2017). Lessons to be learnt from ABC Learning's collapse. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-abc-learnings-collapse-20090101-78f8.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Montgomery, R., (2013). Auditing. [Place of publication not identified]: Theclassics Us. prezi.com. (2017). The Collapse of ABC Learning Centres. [online] Available at: https://prezi.com/xiirpxey5eu1/the-collapse-of-abc-learning-centres/?webgl=0 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Theaustralian.com.au. (2017). Ban slapped on ABC Learning auditor. [online] Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/five-year-ban-slapped-on-abc-learning-auditor/news-story/00525dc8af00cf00989f8e19d750a634?nk=b8d36bcf4fc22ca6b13f9d3ea333d015-1505829369 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2017]. Ricchiute, D., (2006). Auditing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Thomson Learning. Sumsion, J., (2006). The corporatization of Australian childcare: Towards an ethical audit and research agenda.Journal of Early Childhood Research,4(2), pp.99-120. Sumsion, J., (2012). ABC Learning and Australian early education and care: a retrospective ethical audit of a radical experiment.Childcare markets local and global: can they deliver an equitable service, pp.209-225. Xu, Y., Jiang, A.L., Fargher, N. and Carson, E.,( 2011). Audit reports in Australia during the global financial crisis.Australian Accounting Review,21(1), pp.22-31.

Supply Chain Management at Dell Computers

According to Klapper et al, supply chain management is the integrated set of functions that seek to ensure that the products of an organization reach a customer in a timely manner. Therefore, the roles of the supply chain manager at Dell computers are to ensure that the customer is satisfied with the product distribution utilized by the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Management at Dell Computers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main roles of a supply chain manager are to ensure the effective selection and management of suppliers and to supervise efficient transportation of products from the production location through storage, though storage, and finally to the consumer (Chomilier, Samii, and Wassenhove). Therefore, at Dell, the responsibilities of the supply chain manager are to ensure that there is effective communication between the customer, the supplier, and manufacturer of the fin al product. This role leads to a high demand for supply chain managers by firms such as Dell because the supply chain managers ensure that the company’s products are efficiently distributed to various consumers in the market (Kale, 2004). These managers are also in high demand because the company has to distribute its products to diverse populations, and to do this, effective communication in the supply chain is needed. SWOT Analysis Strengths From the Case StudyonDell Computers, it is evident that the company is the largest computer maker in the world, so marketing the computers is simplified because they have a set brand name. Another strength from the customer’s perspective is the use of custom designs to make computers; some customers will order custom-made computers from the company thus increasing their brand loyalty. The shipment strategy used by the company is an effective method that ensures that the computers reach the customer with minimal delays, which increases the marketing potential of the company. Weaknesses The main weakness with the marketing potential of Dell computers is that they have a weak relationship with retailers since the company prefers marketing its own products. This means that the company does not penetrate the market effectively, and the retailers do not market the company products. The other marketing weakness of the company is the fact that they do not have unique technologies to offer the market, so new products do not increase the market potential of the company. The issue of dealing with a large amount of suppliers from different countries means that the company faces many potential problems when their products are recalled from the market (Cohen and Rousell, 2004). Opportunities The main opportunity that the company has in the market is the opportunity to improve on the brand created by the founder; it presents a chance for the company to expand its market capabilities to regions outside the curr ent domains. The other marketing opportunity come from the projected expansion to new markets like China and India, which are projected in the situation analysis to grow in the next three to five years (Clay, 2006). Threats The main threat to the marketing potential of Dell computers is the increasing number of popular brand names in the market, which increases the competitive factor and reduces market share. Since Dell is a company that is focused on international business, fluctuations in world currencies can affect the profit potential and marketing capabilities of the company. Developing strong relations between retailers and competing companies that reduce the distribution capability of the company, also affect the marketing potential of the company. References Case Study: Dell. Can The Icon of The Logistics Industry Survive in India?  Chomilier, B., and Samii, R., and Wassenhove, L., The Central Role of Supply Chain Management at IFRC, [Online] Available at: https:// www.fmreview.org/ . Cohen, S., and Rousell, J., 2004, Strategic Supply Chain Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Kale, S., n.d., Global Competitiveness: Role of Supply Chain Management, [Online] Available at:  http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/handle/2259/507/503-511+.pdf;jsessionid=22A58EB0104D0855E5F5AD128979AB25?sequence=1 .Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Klapper, L., and Hamblin, N., and Hutchison, L., and Novak, L., and Vivar, J., 2000, Supply Chain Management: A Recommended Performance Measurement Scorecard. London: Logistics Management Institute. This essay on Supply Chain Management at Dell Computers was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to do Frames on Web Sites essays

How to do Frames on Web Sites essays Dividing a web page into frames is quite simple. Frames organize web pages by dividing them into rows or columns. The basic concept of frames is that each frame is a regular, complete html document. That means more than on one page is viewed in one single screen. This allows the viewers to stay one page other than having to keep on going to new pages. If a person wanted to divide a page into 2 side by side frames, he/she should put one complete html document in the left frame and another complete html document in the right frame. In order to make this happen, making an additional html document is needed. This third html document contains the tags that specify what goes where. That is actually its only function. The two tags used are the and the tags. A tag is a container tag, and a tag is not. For those who don't know what that means, a container tag has an opening and a closing . The tag specifies the html documents and whether the frame should have a border or a scrollbar for each html document. The tag does all the dividing. It specifies a few things regarding how to divide them up. (Note: If using web page providers such as angelfire and geocities, make sure the page that the frames code is going on is set for The most popular way frames are organized is by using two columns. One is simply being used for the menu of the web site, and the other being used as the main page to view a specific page within the web site. The examples used will include how to create frames showing the division of the page into two columns and also showing the division of the page into two rows. First of all, name the three html documents index.html, the page used for dividing it into frames; side1.html, the left column of the page used for the menu; and main.html, the page for viewing a ...

Building Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building Relationships - Essay Example Since it is our mission to provide the best foundation for life-long learning of the students, the school will provide premiere services and exhaust all efforts to ensure that the best environment can be offered to children. It is very important that parents are aware of their health benefits as well as their rights and responsibilities. The school can be of good help to those families that are not well educated with their health care coverage and the laws governing this benefit. This health information can be made available to parents or families of the students by conducting an annual seminar regarding designed to educate families on their rights and responsibilities. Health care coverage plan such as HMO, PPO and PO plan are available for families. Thus it is important that school has good relationship with hospitals, clinics and health agencies that can provide and educate parents about their health benefits. Available hospitals, clinics and agencies within the area are the follo wing: ___________________________. The delivery of educational service of the school must also include the equitable opportunities to students with disabilities. As this school is committed to providing the best education to children without any preferences and discrimination to education, the assistance to children with disabilities must be made available to families and parents of the student by including the services to educational handbook and annual report by the school to the parents. As a second home of the students, the school can provide a really good help to children suffering from domestic violence. The school can offer important benefits â€Å"including safety, predictability, a sense of normalcy, adult and peer support, meals, basic medical and mental health services and extracurricular activities† (Domestic Violence, p.1, n.d.). This help and information can be made known to families and students by including this information to bulletin boards especially in the guidance counsellor’s office. What should be emphasized upon extending this to the students and families is the maintenance of confidentiality of these cases. The school must establish relationship with agencies in the community that handles domestic violence survivors and their children (Domestic Violence, p.3, n.d.). Available agencies in the community that handles domestic violence and relevant cases are _____________________. A healthy school environment is important because it is where children learn and do their best to acquire the needed knowledge for their success in the future. The school is responsible in offering the opportunities for the children to build individual and collective confidence through their daily confidence (Jane-Llopis, & Braddick, 2008). According to Jane-Llopis and Braddick (2008), â€Å"mental health is a basic human right, and is fundamental to all human and social progress. It is a prerequisite to a happy and fulfilled life for individual ci tizens, for effectively functioning families and for societal cohesion.† As Bettina Schwarzmayer, President of European Youth Forum, quoted â€Å"Mental health lies at the heart of a young person’s social, professional and personal development yet youth is particularly vulnerable to mental health problems. Education plays a paramount role in building the foun ­dation of the mental health and well being of youth.†

Coffee Crave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coffee Crave - Essay Example Coffee is also related to exotic places in the minds of the Western consumers. The coffee-house at the end of the seventeenth century, but mostly from the eighteenth century up to this day, played a very prominent role in providing a public space for commerce and culture. Since its beginning it was a place for the middle class where business transactions were made and public discourse found its way of expression. We have the case of Lloyd's Coffee-House, that later gave birth to Lloyd's News, and in the present it has the well-known institution Lloyd's of London. It all started as a coffee-house. Commerce and news mixed together in this coffee-house and the journalistic business was the logical product. Missionaries and capitalists in the West loved coffee since its early history as this stimulating drink goes hand in hand with the protestant and capitalist spirit of discipline, self-control and sobriety. Coffee was thus contrasted to ale, which was considered to be a rude and corpulent drink. A very important factor that drives the apparently insatiable craving for coffee in European and North American s... The coffee break gives cohesion in the workplace. It is a time to recover the energies that coffee can provide, so in an industrious society like the capitalist's environment coffee brings new meaning of productivity into life. As such coffee is a valued commodity in the workplace. B.- The transformations of the physical landscape and the organization of production in coffee-supplier countries like Tanzania have being instituted along the years as a way of constructing values and meanings in an interaction between two roles as consumers and producers. In Haya, located in the region of Kagera, Tanzania, this dialectic relationship in its communities has its source of origin at the beginning of the twentieth century when the arabica variety of coffee was introduced by the missionaries. The arabica coffee is much more valued than the robusta coffee, which was being produced earlier in Haya. Since the beginning of the twentieth century the coffee exports from Haya have been on a steady rise. The major source of income is generated by the production of coffee. After the 1920s an extreme class division has been established in Haya. This has been a consequence of shifting from the colonial to the post-colonial times in Tanzania. African Socialism has a system of co-operatives and all the coffee producers are supposed to sell their harvests through this system, which is very slow and sometimes people don't get paid. So there is a black market going parallel to the state's co-operatives. Traders or marketers buy the crop in advance to needy farmers in an illegal transaction that is very common in the region. In the 1980s the traders or marketers in this black market were

Human resource management (Making a layoff Decision) Assignment

Human resource management (Making a layoff Decision) - Assignment Example His seniority is also less than the other employees’. My second recommendation would be John Melendez, who also has less seniority. Though he has been with the company for four years and his evaluations have been outstanding, his career could be further enhanced with the help of further education, which goes a long way in today’s competitive business world. Though his contributions to the company through the introduction of administration intranet for employees has undoubtedly been invaluable, it is a positive attribute that helps to ensure that he is easily able to obtain an appropriate position in another company that will take advantage of his abilities. Advanced layoff planning minimizes the chances of litigation, reduces the negative impacts on employees, decreases company disruptions, and ensures that employees do not lose trust, respect, and goodwill that they felt towards the company before the layoff (Pfadenhauer, 2009, p. 94). One of the most important steps in a company layoff is deciding selection criteria for the persons to be laid off. The most simple and clear cut method is usually seniority, which is the least likely one to result in discrimination claims. This is the method most demonstrated in this case as these employees have the least seniority. All communications concerning the layoffs must be handled by human resources experts, legal experts, or marketing and communication’s experts. It is the company’s responsibility to assist the two laid off employees in order that they avoid feeling demoralized and pushed aside by a company they have likely been loyal to and good employees of for a length of time. Top management must provide clear explanations of the layoffs to the employees, and those laid off need an explanation of the procedure and benefits they will receive. Often there is a severance package involved in large

Child Abuse in Ireland: Policies and Legislation

Child Abuse in Ireland: Policies and Legislation In recent years, child abuse has been acknowledged as a growing problem in Ireland (DoHC, 1999). Since the publication of the Child Abuse Guidelines in 1987 (DoHC, 1987), a number of reforms have been introduced which aim to promote the protection and welfare of children. Healthcare professionals play an important role in child protection and care (Crisp and Lister, 2004). Community-based nurses, such as public health nurses, are frequently among the first to detect signs of child abuse and it is therefore important for them to have a full understanding both of their professional responsibilities in relation to this key role, and of relevant legislation, strategies and guidelines. In recent years, the Child Care Act 1991, Children Act 2001, Children First guidelines and the National Children’s Strategy have served to place children at the forefront of health and social care in Ireland. Legislation There is a wide variety of legislation relating to children. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989) was the first legally binding document to address all aspects of human rights (i.e. civil, cultural, economic, political and social) in relation to children, and recognise that individuals under the age of 18 years require additional care and protection. The Convention states that the basic human rights of all children are: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life and is underpinned by 4 principles: non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life; and respect for the views of the child. In Ireland, the main legislation relating to child care is the Child Care Act 1991, which contains provisions relating to the care, protection and welfare of children in Ireland (Government of Ireland, 1991). This Act contains 7 parts which covers the promotion of child welfare, including taking children into care, homeless children and adoption services; rules on the protection of children in emergencies and care orders; jurisdiction and procedures to ensure the welfare of the child is paramount in court proceedings; rules relating to children in care; and rules on the supervision of pre-school services and children’s residential centres. Under this Act, the Health Service Executive (HSE) has a duty to ensure the welfare of those children who are not receiving adequate care and protection through identification of children at risk, and the provision of child care and family support services. Other key legislative provisions include the Domestic Violence Act 1996; Protection for Persons Reporting Child Abuse Act 1998; The Data Protection Act 1988; the Education Act 1998; the Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997; and the Freedom of Information Act 1997. Strategies and guidelines The Children First: National Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children guidelines (DoHC, 1999a) aim to offer assistance in identifying, reporting and responding to child abuse. Importantly, these guidelines promote an understanding of the relevant contribution of the different professions in cases of child abuse; in particular, the role of public health nurses in carrying out enquiries in cases where there are child protection concerns and where they already have a close relationship with the family involved. These guidelines highlight the need for family-centred child care and protection and the formation of effective partnerships for consistent service provision, as well as serving as a framework for multidisciplinary and inter-agency working practices. Throughout, the welfare of the child is emphasised as of paramount importance. Wider areas addressed within these guidelines include underage pregnancy, peer abuse, bullying, vulnerable children, abuse outside of the hom e, allegations of abuse against employees and volunteers, and organised abuse. The Best Health for Children: Developing a Partnership with Families strategy (DoHC, 1999b) is based on a model that focuses on a holistic approach to child health promotion encompassing emotional and psychological aspects of health in addition to physical health. This strategy also acknowledges the importance of the family in this process, particularly the value of parental observations and concerns about their children. This report outlines a core programme for child health surveillance which documents the role of the public health nurse in making home visits soon after birth and throughout the child’s early development. A follow-up report published in 2005 (DoHC, 2005) has reviewed the original programme and made recommendations for greater observation of child behaviour and development and increased awareness of the determinants of child health, together with the formation of partnerships between parents and healthcare professionals to improve child health outcomes. Role of the public health nurse Public health nurses often carry out home-based parental assessment and ongoing surveillance, particularly working with high-risk families; however, in these situations, it can be difficult to build a trusting, supportive relationship if parents feel threatened, powerless, or concerned about possible action being taken against them. Marcellus proposed a framework of rational ethics to develop trusting relationships with high-risk families, based on four themes: mutual respect, engaged interaction, embodiment and creating environment (Marcellus, 2005). Current legislation, guidelines and strategies emphasise the need for improved child protection and care to ensure the welfare of all children. The public health nurse can play a key role in surveillance of high-risk families and may be among the first to detect child abuse. Competence in procedures for identification, reporting and responding to child abuse are therefore essential. The public health nurse works as part of a multidisciplinary team and should promote effective inter-agency partnerships for optimum service provision for children and their families. References Crisp, B. R. Lister, P. G. 2004, ‘Child protection and public health: nurses’ responsibilities’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 656-63. Government of Ireland 1991, Child Care Act 1991. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:  http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1991/en/act/pub/0017/index.html Government of Ireland 2001, Children Act 2001. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:  http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2002/en/si/0151.html DoHC 1999a, Children First: National Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.dohc.ie/publications/children_first.html DoHC 1999b, Best Health for Children: Developing a Partnership with Families. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.hse.ie/eng/Publications/Children_and_Young_People/Best_Health_for_Children_Developing_a_Partnership_with_Families.pdf DoHC 2005, Best Health for Children Revisited. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=Best+Health+for+Children+RevisitedbtnG=Searchmeta= Marcellus, L. 2005, ‘The ethics of relation: public health nurses and child protection clients’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 414-20. United Nations 1989, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: the articles. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Maths Teaching Guide: Geometrical Constructions Maths Teaching Guide: Geometrical Constructions 12 Geometrical Constructions You know using various instruments of the geometry box-ruler, compass, protractor, divider, set square etc. construction of lines and angles. construction of perpendicular and perpendicular bisector to a line construction of angle bisectors. Construction of special angles like 15 °,30 °,45 °,60 °,75 °,90 °,105 °,120 °,135 °,150 °,175 ° You will learn construction of parallel lines using different techniques- paper folding, set square and using compass. to identify whether a triangle can be constructed with the given measurements. construction of triangles with given measurement of sides and angles. We know parallel lines are lines that never meet. Now let us learn to construct parallel lines. Construction of parallel lines using ruler and set squares To construct a parallel line to a given line from a given point Steps for construction: 1.Draw a line l and take a point O outside the line.O 2.Place any side of the set square forming the rightl angle along the line l. 3.Place the ruler along the other side of the set square forming a right angle as shown. This ruler is to be kept fixed.O l 4.Slide the set square along the ruler upwards such that point O lies along the arm of the set square. O l 5.Remove the ruler and draw a line along the setOm square. Name this line as ml m is the required line parallel to l ∠´ l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬m Om l Construction of parallel lines using ruler and compass Steps for construction: 1. Draw a line l and take a point A outside the line. A l 2. Take any point B on the line. Join A to B. A l B 3. With B as the centre and any convenient radius, draw an arc intersecting line l at P and AB at Q. A Q l BP 4. With A as the centre and the same radius draw an arc to intersect AB at R. A Q l BP 5. With the compass measure the distance between points P and Q. 6. With R as the centre and radius equal to PQ, draw an arc intersecting the previous arc at S SA Q l BP 7. Draw a line through A and S. m is the required line parallel to l passing through the point A. l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬m SAm Q l BP Remember only one line can be drawn through A which is parallel to l. Lab Activity We have already studied parallel lines and their properties. We know that when 2 parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, the alternate angles so formed are equal. The above construction has been done using the same property. When 2 parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the corresponding angles so formed are also equal. Using this property, construct a pair of parallel lines. To construct a parallel line to a given line at a given distance To draw a parallel line at a fixed distance from a given line follow the steps given below Draw line l. Construct a perpendicular on the given line. Take a point at the given distance on the perpendicular. Construct a parallel line at that point as in the previous construction. Example 1Draw a line l. Draw another line m parallel to l at a distance of 4 cm from it. Solution To construct a line parallel to a given line at a fixed distance from it we will follow the following steps Take a point C on the line l. Draw a perpendicular at the point C. On the perpendicular mark a point at a distance of 4 cm from C (say G). At G draw a GH perpendicular to CG. Since GH ⊠¥ CG and CG ⊠¥ l ∠´ l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ GH GHm F DE l ACB (since the sum of the interior angles on the same side of the transversal CG is 180 °) Thus, m à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ l at a distance of 4 cm from l. Exercise 12.1 1.Draw a line AB = 6 cm. Mark a point P anywhere outside the line AB. Draw a line CD parallel to line AB passing through the point P a.  by drawing alternate angles b.  by drawing corresponding angles. 2.  Draw a line AB. Draw a line CD perpendicular to line AB. Now on CD mark a point P at a distance of 4.5 cm from C. At the point P draw a line parallel to given line AB. 3.  Refer to the figure given alongside. Construct a line parallel to AB passingD  through the point P. Draw another line parallel to CD also through the  point P. Name the geometrical plane figure so formedP AB C 5.  Draw a line XY= 8 cm. On the line XY mark a point A, 3 cm from X. At the point A draw a perpendicular AB to the line XY. Mark a point M on AB at a distance of 4 cm from A. draw a line CD parallel to XY passing through M. 6.  Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 5.5 cm from it. Construction of triangles A A triangle is a three sided closed figure. It has 6 elements -3 sides and 3 angles. For triangle ABC given alongside, sides are AB, BC, and CA and the angles are ∠ ABC, ∠ BCA and ∠ CBA However to construct a triangle uniquely, we do not need the measure of all six parts. A triangle can be drawn with a definite given size if any BC of the 3 conditions given below are fulfilled. ÂÅ   The three sides of the triangle are given SSS criterion Two sides and the included angle are given SAS criterion. One side and any two angles are given AAS criterion or ASA criterion. Use a compass to draw angles of special measures 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 75 °, 90 °, 105 °, 120 °, 135 ° etc). For others you can use a protractor to construct triangles with given angles. Remember: A triangle cannot be constructed if 3 angles are given since the length of sides can vary. The triangles will be of the same shape; however the length of the sides will be different. Two sides and the non – included angles are given. Before we construct triangles we should make a rough sketch showing all the given measures. Construction of triangles when 3 sides are given. A triangle can be drawn only when the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side. When three sides of a triangle are given, check whether the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side. If yes, only then the construction is possible. Example 1Which of the following can be the sides of a triangle? a.12,24, 11b.10, 5, 7 Solution a.Add the sides by taking two at a time 12 + 24 > 11 24 + 12 > 15 However 11+12 < 24, hence these measures cannot be the sides of a triangle b.Add the sides by taking two at a time 10 + 5 >7 5 + 7 >10 10 + 7 >5 Since the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side hence these measures can be the measures of a triangle. Example 2Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = 6 cm, BC = 5 cm and CA = 9 cm. Solution In triangle ABC, 9 + 6 > 5, 6 + 5 > 9, 9 + 5 > 6 ∠´ triangle ABC can be constructed. Steps of Construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle ABC. C 9 cm5 cm A6 cmB Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm A6 cmB With A as the centre and radius = AC=9 cm draw an arc A6 cmB With B as centre and radius = BC= 5 cm draw another arc to intersect the previous arc at C A6 cmB Join A to C and B to C. Triangle ABC is the required triangle. C 9 cm 5 cm A6 cmB Example 3Construct a triangle PQR with PQ = 7 cm, QR = 6 cm and ∠ PQR = 60 °. Solution: Steps of Construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle PQR R 6 cm 60à ¢- ¦ P7 cmQ Draw a line segment PQ of measure 7 cm. P7 cmQ Using a protractor or a compass construct an angle of 60 °Ã‚  at the point P. X 60 ° P7 cmQ With P as the centre and the radius = PR = 6 cm draw an arc to intersect XP at a point R X R 6 cm 60 ° P7 cmQ Join RQ.X Triangle PQR is the required triangle. R 6 cm 60 ° P7 cmQ To construct a triangle when two angles and the included sides are given- ASA construction Example 4Construct a triangle ABC with ∠ B = 60 °, ∠ C = 70 ° and BC = 8 cm. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle ABC A 6 cm 60 °70 ° B8 cmC Draw a line segment BC of length = 8 cm B8 cmC At B draw ∠ PBC = 60 ° using a compass P 60 ° B8 cmC At C draw ∠ QCB = 70 ° using a protractor the point off intersection of PB and QC is the vertex A. Triangle ABC is the required triangle. QP A 6 cm 60 °70 ° B8 cmC To construct a triangle when two angles and the side not included between the angles is given- AAS construction To construct a triangle when the side is not the included side in the given angles, we will first the third angle using the angle sum property and then consider the given side and the two angles that include that side to construct the triangle using ASA construction criterion. Example 5Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 110 °, ∠ Q= 30 ° and QR = 6.5 cm. Solution: The given side QR is not the included side between the given angles ∠ P and ∠  Q. ∠´ let us find the third angle ∠ R, using the angle sum property We know sum of angles of a triangle = 180 °. ∠ P + ∠  Q + ∠ R = 180 ° ⇒ 110 ° + 30 ° +∠ R = 180 ° ⇒ ∠ R = 180 ° 140 ° = 40 ° Now we can use the ASA construction criterion to construct triangle PQR with ∠ Q =30 °, ∠ R = 40 ° and QR = 6.5 cm. The steps of construction will be the same as in the previous construction Rough sketch PAB P 30 ° 40 ° Q6.5 cmR 30 °40 ° Q6.5 cmR To construct a right triangle when the hypotenuse and one side are given.RHS construction This construction is only for right angled triangles when the hypotenuse and one side are given. One angle is 90 ° as it is a right triangle. Example 6Construct a right triangle XYZ right angled at X with hypotenuse YZ = 5 cm and XY = 3 cm Solution: Since it is a right triangle right angled at X ∠´ ∠ X = 90 °, YZ = 5 cm and XY = 3 Steps of construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle XYZ Z 5 cm X3 cmY Draw a line segment XY = 3 cm. X3 cmY At X draw ∠ AXY = 90 ° using a compass A 90 ° X3 cmY With Y as the centre and radius 5 cm , draw an arc to intersect AX at Z. A Z 90 ° X3 cmY Join YZ Triangle XYZ is the required triangle. A Z 5 cm 90 ° X3 cmY Remember in a right triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side. Exercise 12.3 1.  Given below are some measurements of sides, which of the following can be the sides of a triangle. a. 6,8,12 b. 5,9,6 c. 11,6,6 d. 80,15,60 e. 8,6,10 f. 6,6,6 2.  Which of the following measures will form a triangle? Why or why not? a.∠ A = 45 °, ∠ B = 80 °, ∠ C = 65 ° b.∠ X = 30 °, XY = 5.6 cm, XZ = 3.8 cm c.AB = 7 cm, BC = 10 cm, CA = 6 cm d.∠ B = 60 °, ∠ A = 80 °, AC = 5 cm 2.  Construct a triangle ABC with each side measuring 6 cm. Measure the three angles of the triangle so formed. 3.  Construct a right triangle PQR right angled at P with PQ = 4 cm and PR = 6 cm. 4.  Construct a triangle XYZ with ∠ X = 60 °, ∠ Y = 45 ° and XY = 7 cm. 5.  Construct a triangle PQR with PQ = 6 cm, PR = 8 cm and ∠ Q = 75 °. 6.  Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm, ∠ B = 105 ° 7.  Construct a triangle LMN with LM = LN = 5.8 cm, MN = 4. 6. What special name is given to such a triangle? 8.  Construct a right triangle ABC with AB = 5.5 cm, BC =8.5 cm and ∠ A = 90 ° 9.  Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 45 °, ∠ Q = 75 ° and PQ = 5.5 cm Construct a triangle PQR with measures of sides PQ = 4.6 cm, QR = 5.6 cm and PR = 6.5 cm. 1.Draw the angle bisectors of ∠ P and ∠ Q. let these intersect each otherR at the point O. 2. From the point O draw a perpendicular to any side of the triangle. Name the point where it meets the side as M. 3. With O as the centre and radius OM draw a circle.O Does the circle touch all the sides of the triangle? Such a circle is called an inscribed circle and the centre is known as the  incentre.PMQ Can you draw another circle larger than this which can fit into the triangle? No the inscribed circle is the largest circle that will fit inside the triangle. Math Lab Activity Objective: to make students familiar with constructions Materials required: compass, ruler, paper, pencil and colours. Method: Each student will work individually to create a drawing of his/her initials using the parallel, perpendicular, and segment bisector constructions 1.Make a sketch of your initials and identify where each construction will be used. It is necessary to use at least one Ã…   perpendicular line through a point on a line, Ã…   perpendicular line through a point not on a line, Ã…   parallel line through a point not on the line,  other constructions what you have learned can H I J K L M N Ã…   also be used. 2.Construct using a compass and a ruler. 3.Colour the alphabets and make them as creative as you can. Hint: constructions will be easy if you use the straight lined alphabets as Recollections OPQRSTU V W X Y Z A parallel line can be drawn to a given line from a given point A parallel line to a given line can be drawn at a given distance from it. A triangle has 6 elements in all- 3 sides and 3 angles. A triangle is possible only if the sum of any 2 sides is greater than the third side. Construction of triangles is possible given the following criterions when 3 sides are given. SSS when two sides and an included angle are given.SAS when two angles and the included sides are given.ASA construction when two angles and the side not included between the angles is given. AAS construction a right triangle when the hypotenuse and one side are given. RHS construction Formative assessment 1.Fill in the blanks a.The sum of angles of a triangle is . b.A triangle has elements. c.If 2 angles and the side are given, a triangle can be constructed. d.In a triangle PQR, ∠  P = 45 °, PQ = 7.5 cm and PR = 6.3 cm, then triangle PQR can be constructed using criterion. e.To construct a triangle with given sides, the sum of 2 sides should be than the third side. 2.Which of the following can be the sides of a triangle? a.4 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm.b.2 cm, 5 cm, 4 cmc.8 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm d.5 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm 3.Construct a triangle ABC with the following measurements: a.AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm, AC = 13 cm.b.∠ A = 45 °, ∠ B= 65 °, AB = 7 cm. 4.Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 7.5 cm from it. 5.How many lines parallel to a given line can be drawn through a point outside the line? Why? Review Exercise 1.Draw a line segment AB = 6.4 cm. On AB take any point P. At P draw perpendicular PQ to AB. On PQ mark a point at 5 cm from P. Draw a line parallel to given line AB. 2.Draw a right triangle PQR right angled at Q with PQ = 7 cm , QR = 6 cm. through P draw a line parallel to QR and through R draw a line parallel to PQ intersecting each other at S. measure PS and RS. What is the name of the figure so obtained? 3.Construct an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC= 7.5 cm and ∠ A = 75 °. 4.Construct an equilateral triangle LMN with each side measuring 6 cm. 5.Construct a right triangle XYZ with XY = 6.5 cm, YZ =8.5 cm and ∠ X = 90 °. 6.Construct an obtuse triangle ABC with ∠ B = 135  °, AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm. 7.Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 55 °, ∠ Q = 65 ° and PQ = 6.3 cm 8.Construct a triangle ABC with ∠ A = ∠ B =75 °, and AB = 7.4 cm. What is the special name given to such a triangle? 9.Construct a triangle XYZ with XY = 5.4 cm and ∠ X=60 °, ∠ Z = 60 °. Measure the length of YZ and XZ. What is the special name given to such a triangle? 10.Construct a triangle ABC with the ∠ B = 105 °, AB= 6.3 cm and BC = 5.6 cm.

hacker crackdown :: essays research papers

THE HACKER CRACKDOWN Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier CONTENTS Preface to the Electronic Release of *The Hacker Crackdown* Chronology of the Hacker Crackdown Introduction Part 1: CRASHING THE SYSTEM A Brief History of Telephony / Bell's Golden Vaporware / Universal Service / Wild Boys and Wire Women / The Electronic Communities / The Ungentle Giant / The Breakup / In Defense of the System / The Crash Post- Mortem / Landslides in Cyberspace Part 2: THE DIGITAL UNDERGROUND Steal This Phone / Phreaking and Hacking / The View >From Under the Floorboards / Boards: Core of the Underground / Phile Phun / The Rake's Progress / Strongholds of the Elite / Sting Boards / Hot Potatoes / War on the Legion / Terminus / Phile 9-1-1 / War Games / Real Cyberpunk Part 3: LAW AND ORDER Crooked Boards / The World's Biggest Hacker Bust / Teach Them a Lesson / The U.S. Secret Service / The Secret Service Battles the Boodlers / A Walk Downtown / FCIC: The Cutting-Edge Mess / Cyberspace Rangers / FLETC: Training the Hacker-Trackers Part 4: THE CIVIL LIBERTARIANS NuPrometheus + FBI = Grateful Dead / Whole Earth + Computer Revolution = WELL / Phiber Runs Underground and Acid Spikes the Well / The Trial of Knight Lightning / Shadowhawk Plummets to Earth / Kyrie in the Confessional / $79,499 / A Scholar Investigates / Computers, Freedom, and Privacy Electronic Afterword to *The Hacker Crackdown,* New Years' Day 1994 Preface to the Electronic Release of *The Hacker Crackdown* January 1, 1994 -- Austin, Texas Hi, I'm Bruce Sterling, the author of this electronic book. Out in the traditional world of print, *The Hacker Crackdown* is ISBN 0-553-08058-X, and is formally catalogued by the Library of Congress as "1. Computer crimes -- United States. 2. Telephone -- United States -- Corrupt practices. 3. Programming (Electronic computers) -- United States -- Corrupt practices." 'Corrupt practices,' I always get a kick out of that description. Librarians are very ingenious people. The paperback is ISBN 0-553-56370-X. If you go and buy a print version of *The Hacker Crackdown,* an action I encourage heartily, you may notice that in the front of the book, beneath the copyright notice -- "Copyright (C) 1992 by Bruce Sterling" -- it has this little block of printed legal boilerplate from the publisher. It says, and I quote: "No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address: Bantam Books." This is a pretty good disclaimer, as such disclaimers go. I collect intellectual-property disclaimers, and I've seen dozens of them, and this one is at least pretty straightforward.

Marketing Principles

Marketing describes –product, good services and customers. Marketing all aboutidentify customer need and satisfying customer with products and make profit. In Mr Tan’swords [22/4/13] â€Å"marketing is mutually satisfying exchange at profit in the long term†. Marketing isthe built-up relationship and created customer delight, capture value from customer to create profit and customer quality. Marketing process identify customer need, situation analysis and marketing strategy decisions about product prise distribution and promotion and then how this is implemented monitored and controlled. A. Situation Analysis:- In a situation analysis a company need to understand customer need and carefully think about company resources and capability in which it is operating. Some point can be used for situation analysis -5c, Pest analysis, Swot analysis. a) 5c:- 5c presentcompany, customers, completions collaborations and climate. Company present internal situations, sources, availability and options. Customer, compitions, collaborations climate are external situation. For example tescowas tea but when they analysis customer need then tesco start adding brand and products in their business. In other example, Tesco analysis customer by rewarding club card points, in this way tesco gathering all information about customer need, interest, and product and spending. b) PEST Analysis:- Political, economic, socitical and technological factors come pest analysis. Day by day customer need is changing, because of change economy society and change of interest. After second war Jack tesco funder launched a food rationing to make sure everyone received an equal amount if food[political, economic] Now England is multicultural country so tesco selling so many ethnic products to serve different community [societal]. Tesco add electrical product intesco market according to customers need. [technology] c) SWOT Analysis:- Strength, weakness, opportunity and threats is in swot analysis. For example strength- tesco was the only one and one only retailers and had no competitors. Opportunities-Tesco has 50 branches and soon 1939 have doubled branches. Weakness and threats- after opening 150 stores tesco business was going down because of internal weakness. Then mr Jack son-in-law came and manage all business. B. Marketing Strategy:- Marketing strategy that combines all its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from good marketing research and focused on the right product mix in order to achievethe maximumprofit potential and grow the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan, this includes- segmentation targeting, positioning the product within the target market. C. Marketing mix decisions:- After marketing making market strategy Tesco take decisions about marketing mix. Marketing mix includes 4 basic things which are known as 4 ps, they are following as: * Product: – Tesco identify and design their product. * Price: – Tesco fix the prices for their products. * Place: – Tesco identify a specific area in which they will introduce their product. * Promotion:- Tesco make advertising campaigns to advertise their products by using different mediums of advertisement such as electronic media, print media. D. Implementation and Control:- After situation analysis, marketing strategy, marketing mix decisions Tesco launched their product in market. They implement their all strategies on product and also on target market. They control and monitor their products such as is their product fulfils the customer needs and wants. POSITIONING positioning helps establish product or services to identify within the eyes of the customers. A company positioning strategy is related to customers’ motivation and requirements, as well as by its competitors. Tesco express store mainly in high street to target working people who have less time for shopping VALUE PROPOSITION TO THE TARGET MARKET A value roposition is a promise of value to be delivered and a believe from the customer that value will be experienced. 2. 2 MARKETING MIX DECISIONS Marketing mix dicision is mixture of product, pricing, distribution and promotion, and make decisions and policies to maximise profit and minimise cost. Product development –product is the physical product or services which is company offer to consumers. product development include appearance, pa ckaging, warranty etc. Tesco adding and changing products according to customer need. Prise-prising decisions is important in marketing mix decisions,company have to consider product production cost , advertising,prising response of competitors and margin Distribution contracts- the distribution system performs transactional, logical and facilitating functions. Distribution contract help to company to put the products in market Promotion – promotion decisions are communicating and selling the products in market. Promotions decision involve advertising, public relation media type ect. 2. IMPLEMENTION AND CONTROL Implementation is a type of feedback, inimplementationmonitor all business activities and identify problem and shortfall in business. As the market change the marketing mix can be adjusted to accommodate the changes and can control on business. Often Small changes in consumer wants can addressed by changing the advertising massage, if the change become more significant, a product re-design or entirely new product may be needed. In Tesco for example horse meat was found in beef burgers and other products, Tesco removed all products containing horse meat and apologised to all their customers. Marketing Principles Marketing describes –product, good services and customers. Marketing all aboutidentify customer need and satisfying customer with products and make profit. In Mr Tan’swords [22/4/13] â€Å"marketing is mutually satisfying exchange at profit in the long term†. Marketing isthe built-up relationship and created customer delight, capture value from customer to create profit and customer quality. Marketing process identify customer need, situation analysis and marketing strategy decisions about product prise distribution and promotion and then how this is implemented monitored and controlled. A. Situation Analysis:- In a situation analysis a company need to understand customer need and carefully think about company resources and capability in which it is operating. Some point can be used for situation analysis -5c, Pest analysis, Swot analysis. a) 5c:- 5c presentcompany, customers, completions collaborations and climate. Company present internal situations, sources, availability and options. Customer, compitions, collaborations climate are external situation. For example tescowas tea but when they analysis customer need then tesco start adding brand and products in their business. In other example, Tesco analysis customer by rewarding club card points, in this way tesco gathering all information about customer need, interest, and product and spending. b) PEST Analysis:- Political, economic, socitical and technological factors come pest analysis. Day by day customer need is changing, because of change economy society and change of interest. After second war Jack tesco funder launched a food rationing to make sure everyone received an equal amount if food[political, economic] Now England is multicultural country so tesco selling so many ethnic products to serve different community [societal]. Tesco add electrical product intesco market according to customers need. [technology] c) SWOT Analysis:- Strength, weakness, opportunity and threats is in swot analysis. For example strength- tesco was the only one and one only retailers and had no competitors. Opportunities-Tesco has 50 branches and soon 1939 have doubled branches. Weakness and threats- after opening 150 stores tesco business was going down because of internal weakness. Then mr Jack son-in-law came and manage all business. B. Marketing Strategy:- Marketing strategy that combines all its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from good marketing research and focused on the right product mix in order to achievethe maximumprofit potential and grow the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan, this includes- segmentation targeting, positioning the product within the target market. C. Marketing mix decisions:- After marketing making market strategy Tesco take decisions about marketing mix. Marketing mix includes 4 basic things which are known as 4 ps, they are following as: * Product: – Tesco identify and design their product. * Price: – Tesco fix the prices for their products. * Place: – Tesco identify a specific area in which they will introduce their product. * Promotion:- Tesco make advertising campaigns to advertise their products by using different mediums of advertisement such as electronic media, print media. D. Implementation and Control:- After situation analysis, marketing strategy, marketing mix decisions Tesco launched their product in market. They implement their all strategies on product and also on target market. They control and monitor their products such as is their product fulfils the customer needs and wants. POSITIONING positioning helps establish product or services to identify within the eyes of the customers. A company positioning strategy is related to customers’ motivation and requirements, as well as by its competitors. Tesco express store mainly in high street to target working people who have less time for shopping VALUE PROPOSITION TO THE TARGET MARKET A value roposition is a promise of value to be delivered and a believe from the customer that value will be experienced. 2. 2 MARKETING MIX DECISIONS Marketing mix dicision is mixture of product, pricing, distribution and promotion, and make decisions and policies to maximise profit and minimise cost. Product development –product is the physical product or services which is company offer to consumers. product development include appearance, pa ckaging, warranty etc. Tesco adding and changing products according to customer need. Prise-prising decisions is important in marketing mix decisions,company have to consider product production cost , advertising,prising response of competitors and margin Distribution contracts- the distribution system performs transactional, logical and facilitating functions. Distribution contract help to company to put the products in market Promotion – promotion decisions are communicating and selling the products in market. Promotions decision involve advertising, public relation media type ect. 2. IMPLEMENTION AND CONTROL Implementation is a type of feedback, inimplementationmonitor all business activities and identify problem and shortfall in business. As the market change the marketing mix can be adjusted to accommodate the changes and can control on business. Often Small changes in consumer wants can addressed by changing the advertising massage, if the change become more significant, a product re-design or entirely new product may be needed. In Tesco for example horse meat was found in beef burgers and other products, Tesco removed all products containing horse meat and apologised to all their customers.